An international research collaboration has achieved a milestone in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis and management by developing a blood test for the early detection of AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
The research team, spearheaded by Professor Nancy Ip, president and the morningside professor of Life Science at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), and director of the Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (HKCeND), developed the blood test for AD and MCI, which has accuracy rates of over 96% and 87%, respectively. Notably, this blood test is applicable across ethnic populations, providing a global solution to the diagnosis and management of AD.
Alzheimer’s disease affects over 50 million people worldwide. A major hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain, leading to the dysfunction and loss of brain cells, resulting in progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and difficulties in daily tasks and communication.
Challenges of Diagnosing and Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases
The recent approval of the Alzheimer’s disease drug Lecanemab offers new hope by targeting MCI or mild AD-related dementia with elevated Aβ in the brain. However, the majority of individuals with these conditions are undiagnosed and untreated, largely due to the challenges in making an early diagnosis. Currently, elevated Aβ can only be measured through costly brain imaging or invasive procedures. Additionally, disease diagnosis heavily relies on clinical observation of symptoms that typically appear 10-20 years after disease onset, by which time the disease has progressed to an advanced stage and is difficult to treat.
Therefore, the development of a simple blood test that accurately identifies individuals with MCI and mild Alzheimer’s disease, while also detecting elevated Aβ in the brain, would be a game-changer for AD diagnosis and treatment strategies.
Further reading: Alzheimer’s Blood Test Performs as Well as Spinal Fluid Tests
Highly Accurate New Blood Test
Professor Ip and her team at HKUST recently developed a blood test for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and MCI with exceptionally high accuracy. In a multinational study involving individuals of Chinese and European descent, the international research team demonstrated the robust performance of the blood test in distinguishing individuals with AD and MCI from cognitively normal people, as well as its ability to detect brain amyloid pathology. These findings also highlight the applicability of the test across diverse ethnic and regional boundaries, showcasing its potential for global impact.
Furthermore, unlike existing blood assays that mainly focus on a single biomarker analysis to reveal brain pathology, the HKUST-developed blood test simultaneously measures the levels of 21 proteins (as shown in the graphic below), thus revealing the alterations in multiple crucial biological pathways, and achieving more accurate classification of Alzheimer’s disease and MCI as well as close monitoring of disease progression. This comprehensive AD profile for each individual opens the door for the future development of tailored treatment approaches for individual patients, known as precision medicine, which can revolutionize the field of AD diagnosis and management.
“Our blood test heralds a new era of simple, effective, and less invasive diagnostics, and by expanding the scope of our research to include diverse populations, we have taken a crucial step towards making our test a universally applicable tool for AD diagnosis,” says Professor Ip. “Our test can also be used to screen suitable individuals for specific drug treatments in clinical studies, and closely monitor disease progression and drug responses. In the future, it may also facilitate the development of personalized treatments, by shedding light on the molecular underpinnings of AD that vary from person to person and between ethnicities.”
The research was conducted in collaboration with researchers at University College London (London, UK) and the Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (Barcelona, Spain), as well as clinicians from local and overseas hospitals including the Prince of Wales Hospital (Hong Kong) and the Hospital del Mar (Barcelona, Spain).
The work was recently published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association and has been licensed to a start-up company of HKUST, Cognitact Limited, to provide testing services to the public.
Featured image: {photo of the research team, including HKUST President Prof. Nancy Ip (center, front row), UCL Chair of the Molecular Biology of Neurological Disease Prof. John Hardy (second from left, front row), HKUST Division of Life Science Research Professor Prof. Amy Fu (first from right, front row), HKCeND Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Fanny Ip (first from left, front row), HKCeND Clinical Research Fellow Dr. Mok Kin-Ying (forth from left, back row), and the first author of the research paper Dr. Jason Jiang Yuanbing (second from right, front row) with other research team members. Photos by HKUST