Summary: Researchers at Cranfield University pioneered a low-cost, mobile phone-compatible origami-paper sensor for identifying infectious disease biomarkers in wastewater, offering rapid results that could revolutionize public health surveillance.
Takeaways:
- Innovative Technology: The origami-paper sensor uses wastewater samples to detect disease markers, providing results in under 90 minutes, compared to the slower, more expensive PCR method.
- Accessible and Affordable: The test is low-cost and requires only a mobile phone camera, making it ideal for areas with limited resources.
- Public Health Impact: This technology, developed during the COVID-19 pandemic, has the potential to offer early warnings of disease outbreaks, track new variants, and monitor antimicrobial resistance in community settings.
Researchers at Cranfield University have developed an innovative new method for identifying biomarkers in wastewater using origami-paper sensors, enabling the tracking of infectious diseases using the camera in a mobile phone. The new test device is low-cost and fast and could dramatically change how public health measures are directed in any future pandemics.
Wastewater to Track Infections
Testing wastewater is one of the primary ways to assess the prevalence of infectious diseases in populations. Researchers take samples from various water treatment plants around the country and use the results to understand which areas currently have the highest infection rates. The method was used in the COVID-19 pandemic to track community infection rates and direct public health measures.
Zhugen Yang, professor of Biosensing and Environmental Health at Cranfield University, led the development of the sentinel sensors. It builds on research he conducted in 2020 to develop a test to detect SARS-CoV-2 (commonly known as COVID-19), Influenza A and Influenza B in wastewater using a paper-based platform and UV torch or mobile phone camera.
Until now, the most accurate ways of testing wastewater samples have been methods like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test which must be conducted in centralized laboratories by well-trained personnel. That means samples are collected, stored and transported in a cold chain to the lab location before being processed, which can take multiple days and is comparatively expensive.
‘Origami’ Folded Paper-Based Test
The new test method is rapid, user-friendly, and portable. Wastewater samples are placed onto a wax-printed paper sheet which is folded in an ‘origami’ style. The paper contains chemicals that react to certain disease markers, triggering a fluorescent color to emerge. Using a mobile phone camera, the results can be read and data collected rapidly
Professor Yang developed the new method as part of the national COVID-19 wastewater surveillance program. In 2021, at the height of the pandemic, he performed field tests using the test at four quarantine hotels around Heathrow Airport. The whole sample-to-answer process took under 90 minutes compared to around four hours for a PCR test, with the tests conducted in the basement of one of the hotels using minimal equipment. Results showed that this new device gives results at least as accurate as the PCR test but at a much lower cost and can provide an early warning of disease in the community. The device is particularly useful for areas with limited resources because of its ease of use, low cost, and fast results.
“During COVID-19 we proved that fast community sewage analysis is a really effective way to track infectious diseases and help manage public health,” says Yang. “The simple test we have developed costs just £1 and uses the commonly available camera function in a mobile phone, making it readily accessible. This could be a real game-changer when it comes to predicting disease rates and improving public health in the face of future pandemics.”
Further reading: Wastewater Surveillance is Key in Keeping Schools Open Amid Public Health Emergencies
The device has been featured at the London Science Museum recognizing its contribution to the National Wastewater Surveillance Programme during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Further development of the test is being sponsored by the Leverhulme Trust Research Leadership Scheme and a grant from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. In the future, it could potentially be used to track new variants and help to establish whether the variant is still spreading in the community, as well as monitoring antimicrobial resistance from one health perspective.
Paper microfluidic sentinel sensor enables rapid and on-site wastewater surveillance in community settings is published in the journal Cell Reports Physical Science, and also involved scientists from the University of Glasgow and Zhejiang University in China.
Featured image: Origami paper sensor used for disease detection. Photo: Science Museum Group Copyright: Board of Trustees of the Science Museum
