Summary: A study by the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia and the University of Barcelona has identified miR-519a-3p as a new biomarker for asymptomatic Alzheimer’s disease, potentially enabling earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Takeaways:
- New Biomarker: The microRNA miR-519a-3p is linked to the expression of cellular prion protein, which is deregulated in Alzheimer’s disease.
- Early Detection: Identifying stable and easily detectable biomarkers like miR-519a-3p in biofluids offers hope for diagnosing Alzheimer’s in its asymptomatic stages.
- Specificity: The study confirmed that changes in miR-519a-3p levels are specific to Alzheimer’s, distinguishing it from other neurodegenerative diseases.
A recent study led by the Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology group at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) and the University of Barcelona has identified a new biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease in asymptomatic stages of the disease. The molecule is miR-519a-3p, a microRNA directly linked to the expression of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), which is deregulated in people suffering from some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
The search for biomarkers that are stable and easily detectable in biofluids, such as microRNAs, offers hope for detecting asymptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. Early detection could significantly improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, which affects more than 35 million people worldwide.
Asymptomatic Alzheimer’s and the First Link between miR-519a-3p and PrPC
The expression of some microRNAs is known to be deregulated in Alzheimer’s patients. However, this is the first time that this microRNA has been specifically linked to the decrease in cellular prion protein production during disease progression.
“Currently, tests to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease are usually carried out after the onset of symptoms, when there is already underlying cognitive impairment. We believe that the detection of this microRNA may help to establish additional criteria for a more accurate diagnosis in the early stages of the disease,” explains IBEC principal investigator José Antonio del Río, full professor at the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona (UB) and co-leader of the study.
The study also comparatively analyzes the presence of the biomarker in samples from other neurodegenerative diseases:
“If our goal is to use miR-519a-3p as a biomarker to detect Alzheimer’s dementia in hypothetically healthy people, it is essential to ensure that its levels are not altered in other neurodegenerative diseases. In our study, we compared the levels of this biomarker in samples from other tauopathies and Parkinson’s disease, confirming that the changes in miR-519a-3p are specific to Alzheimer’s disease,” says IBEC senior researcher Rosalina Gavín, UB associate professor and co-leader of the study.
Dayaneth Jácome, a researcher in del Río’s group and first author of the study, says that the team is making progress: The next step is to validate miR-519a-3p as a biomarker in blood samples from different cohorts of patients, in order to start using it in the clinical diagnosis of asymptomatic Alzheimer’s disease in peripheral samples.
The researchers are members of the Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED.
MicroRNAs: the Gene Silencers
The amount of cellular prion protein changes over the course of Alzheimer’s disease, with higher levels in the early stages of the disease and lower levels as the disease progresses. Although the mechanism responsible for these changes is not known in detail, it has been observed that certain microRNAs bind to a specific region of the PRNP gene that controls PrPC expression, reducing it. For this reason and based on comparisons of previous studies and computational analyses in various genomic databases, the researchers selected the microRNA miR-519a-3p for their study.
Featured Image: Light microscopy image of a section of post-mortem human frontal cortex from a patient with Braak grade VI (most advanced) Alzheimer’s disease. Neurons with high levels of tau protein can be seen. Image: Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
