In a recent paper published in the journal Biosensors and Bioelectronics, researchers from Concordia University, Montreal, describe a new liquid biopsy method using lab-on-a-chip technology that they believe can detect cancer before a tumor is even formed.

Using magnetic particles coated in a specially designed bonding agent, the liquid biopsy chip attracts and captures particles containing cancer-causing biomarkers. A close analysis can identify the type of cancer they are carrying. Researchers say this can significantly improve cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Trapping the Messenger

The chip targets extracellular vesicles (EVs), a type of particle that is released by most kinds of organic cells. Sometimes called exosomes, EVs are extremely small, usually measuring between 40 and 200 nanometers. However, they contain a cargo of proteins, nucleic acids such as RNA, metabolites, and other molecules from the parent cell, and they are taken up by other cells. If EVs contain biomarkers associated with cancer and other diseases, they will spread their toxic cargo from cell to cell.

To capture the cancer-carrying exosomes exclusively, the researchers developed a small microfluidic chip containing magnetic or gold nanoparticles coated with a synthetic polypeptide to act as a molecular bonding agent. When a droplet of organic liquid, such as blood, saliva, or urine, is run through the chip, the exosomes attach themselves to the treated nanoparticles. After the exosomes are trapped, the researchers separate them from the nanoparticles and carry out proteomic and genomic analysis to determine the specific cancer type.

“This technique can provide a very early diagnosis of cancer that would help find therapeutic solutions and improve the lives of patients,” says the paper’s senior author Muthukumaran Packirisamy, PhD, a professor in the Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering and director of Concordia’s Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory. “Liquid biopsies avoid the trauma of invasive biopsies, which involve exploratory surgery,” he adds. “We can get all the cancer markers and cancer prognoses just by examining any bodily fluid.”

Liquid Biopsy Method Offers Alternatives to Conventional Approaches

Having detailed knowledge of a particular form of cancer’s genetic makeup will expose its weaknesses to treatment, notes Anirban Ghosh, PhD, a co-author and affiliate professor at Packirisamy’s laboratory. “Conventional chemotherapy targets all kinds of cells and results in significant and unpleasant side effects,” he says. “With the precision diagnostics afforded to us here, we can devise a treatment that only targets cancer cells.”

The paper’s lead author is Srinivas Bathini, a PhD student whose academic background is in electrical engineering. He notes that the technology’s potential could revolutionize medical diagnostics. The researchers used breast cancer cells in this study, but they are looking at ways to expand their capabilities to include a wide range of disease testing.

“Perhaps one day this product could be as readily available as other point-of-care devices, such as home pregnancy tests,” he speculates.

Featured Image: Muthukumaran Packirisamy, PhD, professor in the Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering and director of Concordia’s Optical Bio-Microsystems Laboratory. Photo: Concordia University