Epigenetic biomarkers found in mothers and fathers of preterm infants may help develop a test to determine whether a pregnancy may end too early.

Such a test—which measures a signature found in the cheek cells—could help prevent premature births and the many resulting health impacts on infants by alerting medical providers to the need for early intervention measures.

In a study published in Scientific Reports, researchers documented more than 100 epigenetic biomarkers in mothers of preterm babies that were distinct from mothers of babies carried to term. Fathers had fewer biomarkers but enough to indicate a likely paternal role in preterm birth.

“The signature we found was present in all the parents we analyzed,” says senior author Michael Skinner, a professor in Washington State University’s School of Biological Sciences. “This is likely to lead eventually to a very useful test. We used buccal cells, which are collected by a cheek swab. It’s very non-invasive and easy to do.”

Epigenetics are molecular factors and processes around DNA that determine how genes behave. While independent of DNA sequence, epigenetic modifications, which can be caused by things such as toxicant exposure, poor nutrition and alcohol use, can also be inherited.

In this study, researchers found that the preterm female babies carried more than 100 of these biomarkers, indicating the propensity to have a preterm baby may be passed down. That transgenerational capacity is also supported by the fact the signature is found in cheek cells, Skinner said. If an epigenetic modification is present in both sperm and ovum, the resulting baby will have that modification present in every cell of their body – including their cheek cells.

For this study, the researchers took cheek swabs from two groups of mother-father-infant triads shortly after the babies were born. In one set of 19 triads, the infants were born premature and in another group of 21 triads, the babies were carried to full term. The epigenetic analysis revealed the signature in the mothers, fathers, and female preterm babies, but none in the male preterm infants.

This is a “proof of concept” study, and the researchers note that the next step would be to test this with greater numbers of parents and children.

“Although we may not be able to fix the problem, if we know that it’s going to develop because of these diagnostics, we can treat it,” says Skinner. “This could help with the transition from reactionary medicine to preventive medicine.”

In addition to Skinner, co-authors on this paper include Paul Winchester at Indiana University as well as Eric Nilsson and Daniel Beck from WSU. This study was supported by grants from the John Templeton Foundation.