The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued its first release of surveillance data on antibiotic resistance, revealing high levels of resistance to a number of serious bacterial infections in both high- and low-income countries.
Drawn from WHO’s new global antimicrobial surveillance system (GLASS), the data document widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance among 500,000 people with suspected bacterial infections across 22 countries.
The most commonly reported resistant bacteria were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by Salmonella spp. The system does not include data about the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis (TB), as WHO has been tracking it since 1994 and providing annual updates in its Global Tuberculosis Report.
Among patients with suspected bloodstream infection, the proportion with bacteria resistant to at least one of the most commonly used antibiotics ranged tremendously among the reporting countries—from 0% to 82%. Resistance to penicillin—the medicine used for decades worldwide to treat pneumonia—ranged from 0% to 51% among reporting countries. For E. coli associated with urinary tract infections, between 8% and 65% of infections presented resistance to ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat this condition.
“The report confirms the serious situation of antibiotic resistance worldwide,” says Marc Sprenger, MD, PhD, director of WHO’s antimicrobial resistance secretariat.
“Some of the world’s most common—and potentially most dangerous—infections are proving drug-resistant,” adds Sprenger. “And most worrying of all, pathogens don’t respect national borders. That’s why WHO is encouraging all countries to set up good surveillance systems for detecting drug resistance that can provide data to this global system.”
To date, 52 countries (25 high-income, 20 middle-income, and seven low-income countries) are enrolled in GLASS. For the first report, 40 countries provided information about their national surveillance systems, and 22 countries also provided data on levels of antibiotic resistance.
“The report is a vital first step toward improving our understanding of the extent of antimicrobial resistance,” says Carmem Pessoa-Silva, MD, who coordinates the new surveillance system at WHO. “Surveillance is in its infancy, but it is vital to develop it if we are to anticipate and tackle one of the biggest threats to global public health.”
Data presented in the GLASS report vary widely in quality and completeness. Some countries face major challenges in building their national surveillance systems, including a lack of personnel, funds, and infrastructure.
However, WHO is supporting more countries to set up national antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems that can produce reliable, meaningful data. GLASS is helping to standardize the way that countries collect data and to enable a more complete picture about antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends.
According to WHO, solid drug resistance surveillance programs for TB, HIV, and malaria have been functioning for many years and have helped health authorities to estimate disease burden, plan diagnostic and treatment services, monitor the effectiveness of control interventions, and design effective treatment regimens to address and prevent future resistance. GLASS is expected to perform a similar function for common bacterial pathogens.
The rollout of GLASS is already making a difference in many countries. For example, Kenya has enhanced the development of its national antimicrobial resistance system; Tunisia started to aggregate data on antimicrobial resistance at the national level; the Republic of Korea completely revised its national surveillance system to align with the GLASS methodology, providing data of very high quality and completeness; and countries such as Afghanistan and Cambodia that face major structural challenges have enrolled in the system and are using the GLASS framework as an opportunity for strengthening their surveillance capacities for antimicrobial resistance. In general, national participation in GLASS is seen as a sign of growing political commitment to support global efforts to control antimicrobial resistance.
